DocumentWithMinimalViableSchema type in its definition reuses types from GraphQL.js for definitions property, but for some reason this is not the case for loc property:
DocumentWithMinimalViableSchema#loc uses built-in Location type (i.e., the type of window.location).
DocumentNode#loc uses their own Location type (https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/blob/5adeb7f7721e299d6f747bf9c985387164b79fff/src/language/ast.ts#L9).
The two are not compatible and so it is not possible to pass DocumentWithMinimalViableSchema where DocumentNode is expected. This does not seem intentional to me since a document has nothing to do with in-browser location 🙂