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fix(docs): correct EmDashes with updated style rule
Signed-off-by: Jan van den Berg <[email protected]>
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β€Žospo-book/content/en/00-chapter.mdβ€Ž

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## What's This Book About?
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Open source is a reality for all organizations that work with softwareβ€”not just for software companies. Because of this, actively managing open source is becoming increasingly important for many organizations.
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Open source is a reality for all organizations that work with software β€” not just for software companies. Because of this, actively managing open source is becoming increasingly important for many organizations.
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One way to manage open source is by setting up an Open Source Program Office (OSPO). Many companies and organizations have adopted this approach, and there is now a lot of shared experience and knowledge about how to do it successfully. In the open source spirit, much of this knowledge is openly available in the community.
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β€Žospo-book/content/en/02-chapter.mdβ€Ž

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In a world governed by software, Open Source Program Offices (OSPOs) serve as powerful cultural catalysts within organizations. Beyond simply managing technical integration of open source solutions, OSPOs fundamentally transform organizational culture by fostering open collaboration, transparency, and innovation.
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As organizations increasingly rely on open source for mission-critical problemsβ€”whether social, economic, or technologicalβ€”the OSPO's cultural influence becomes essential in reshaping mindsets and workflows. This cultural shift enables organizations to move beyond viewing open source as merely a resource to extract value from, toward becoming active, contributing members of the broader open source ecosystem. By embedding open source values and practices throughout an organization, OSPOs cultivate internal champions, establish collaborative norms, and nurture a culture where knowledge sharing thrives.
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As organizations increasingly rely on open source for mission-critical problems β€” whether social, economic, or technological β€” the OSPO's cultural influence becomes essential in reshaping mindsets and workflows. This cultural shift enables organizations to move beyond viewing open source as merely a resource to extract value from, toward becoming active, contributing members of the broader open source ecosystem. By embedding open source values and practices throughout an organization, OSPOs cultivate internal champions, establish collaborative norms, and nurture a culture where knowledge sharing thrives.
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This cultural transformation not only supports risk management and innovation but ensures the sustainability of the open source communities they depend on. Without an OSPO's ongoing cultural influence, organizations risk losing open source expertise, increasing security and legal vulnerabilities, reducing community engagement, and damaging their reputation.
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β€Žospo-book/content/en/04-chapter.mdβ€Ž

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- **Automation Tools:** Creating process automation to support open source policies is important because policies alone may not always be effective. Managers know that their workers won't always follow policy and therefore want effective options to automate use, management, and tracking of open source components. Automation is useful in many areas of open source including license compliance and security.
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- **Documentation, Training, and Education:** An OSPO can play a leading role in ensuring that individuals are qualified to assess open source projects for use in the organization and contribute to critical open source projects for the organization. Developing training materials and documentation and/or aiding teams to produce these across different departments are key tasks.
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- **Documentation, Training, and Education:** An OSPO can play a leading role in ensuring that individuals are qualified to assess open source projects for use in the organization and contribute to critical open source projects for the organization. Developing training materials and documentation or aiding teams to produce these across different departments are key tasks.
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- **Resource Allocation:** There can be a lot of areas that an OSPO can offer value to an organization. Therefore, prioritizing work and allocating resources strategically and tactically is an important activity that will improve the OSPO's impact.
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β€Žospo-book/content/en/05-chapter.mdβ€Ž

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This chapter includes useful resources to help OSPOs and open source developers apply secure software development and supply chain best practices - both in the software they use and the software they create.
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In some ways, security is just like any other requirement. However, many software developers and their managers haven't received enough training in security. Also, security is about defending against intelligent attackers, and it often depends on how the entire system works togetherβ€”not just on one part.
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In some ways, security is just like any other requirement. However, many software developers and their managers haven't received enough training in security. Also, security is about defending against intelligent attackers, and it often depends on how the entire system works together β€” not just on one part.
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Fixing security problems later is often expensive. It's better to prevent them, reduce their chances or impact, and be prepared in case something still goes wrong. It's important to plan from the beginning and allocate resources (such as time and money) to handle security properly. Open source software can have a security advantage because it allows for mass peer review and follows the principle of "open design"β€”but these benefits don't happen automatically.
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Fixing security problems later is often expensive. It's better to prevent them, reduce their chances or impact, and be prepared in case something still goes wrong. It's important to plan from the beginning and allocate resources (such as time and money) to handle security properly. Open source software can have a security advantage because it allows for mass peer review and follows the principle of "open design" β€” but these benefits don't happen automatically.
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## Training and Education
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1. Enable tools that detect known vulnerabilities in reused components
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Prepare for vulnerability reportsβ€”they can happen to any project. Clearly explain how people can report vulnerabilities. Open source projects should review the OpenSSF Guide to implementing a coordinated vulnerability disclosure process [^13].
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Prepare for vulnerability reports β€” they can happen to any project. Clearly explain how people can report vulnerabilities. Open source projects should review the OpenSSF Guide to implementing a coordinated vulnerability disclosure process [^13].
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## Applying This to Your Organization
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It also helps to be open about security progress. Encourage teams to track and share their progress on goals like earning Best Practices badges or improving their Scorecard results. This creates a positive environment where teams help each other and improve together, instead of feeling blamed when something goes wrong.
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Lastly, support continuous improvement. Security isn't something you finishβ€”it's always changing. Set up regular times to review risks, update tools and practices, and share what your teams have learned. Give teams the freedom to make decisions about security early in the development process, not just at the end or after a problem happens.
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Lastly, support continuous improvement. Security isn't something you finish β€” it's always changing. Set up regular times to review risks, update tools and practices, and share what your teams have learned. Give teams the freedom to make decisions about security early in the development process, not just at the end or after a problem happens.
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By creating a culture of shared responsibility, adding security into everyday work, investing in learning, encouraging openness, and improving over time, your organization can make real progress in securing the OSS it builds and uses.
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β€Žospo-book/content/en/06-chapter.mdβ€Ž

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> NOTE: This chapter has been developed through the collective expertise of CHAOSS open source project and participants from the CHAOSS OSPO Metrics Working Group, with support from the TODO Group.
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Metrics are an important part of any modern organization. When used effectively, they offer a valuable way to track the impact of your team and its projects. For an OSPO, metrics not only support planning and measuring the impact of its workβ€”they also provide deeper insight into the open source projects the organization depends on.
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Metrics are an important part of any modern organization. When used effectively, they offer a valuable way to track the impact of your team and its projects. For an OSPO, metrics not only support planning and measuring the impact of its work β€” they also provide deeper insight into the open source projects the organization depends on.
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In the past, it might have been acceptable to know little about key open source projects. But that's no longer a sustainable approach as the regulatory and security landscape around open source continues to evolve. As we deepen our understanding of the open source projects that matter to us, community metrics become essential tools. In this chapter, we'll explore how to place those metrics in context and how, together, they can offer better insights to guide strategic decisions across an organization.
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### How OSPOs Can Navigate the Complexities of Open Source Project Health
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Understanding the health of an open source project is not a simple task. Open source health includes many different concernsβ€”both technical and socialβ€”that can appear at the project level or across the broader ecosystem. A review of existing research identified 107 such concerns [^2]. To help make sense of this complexity, researchers worked with 17 experts from industry and the open source community to organize these concerns into a framework of 21 health aspects.
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Understanding the health of an open source project is not a simple task. Open source health includes many different concerns β€” both technical and social β€” that can appear at the project level or across the broader ecosystem. A review of existing research identified 107 such concerns [^2]. To help make sense of this complexity, researchers worked with 17 experts from industry and the open source community to organize these concerns into a framework of 21 health aspects.
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These health aspects focus on important areas such as:
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* Community productivity and stability.
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* Project orchestration and leadership.
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* Production processes and outputs.
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Each health aspect is further described using attributesβ€”smaller, more detailed elementsβ€”that help organizations examine project health in a structured way.
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Each health aspect is further described using attributes β€” smaller, more detailed elements β€” that help organizations examine project health in a structured way.
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#### Matching the Framework to the Right Context
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#### Making Smart Choices About What to Measure
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Every organization has a different contextβ€”different markets, technologies, and risks. Because of this, there is no "one size fits all" approach to assessing open source health. OSPOs should:
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Every organization has a different context β€” different markets, technologies, and risks. Because of this, there is no "one size fits all" approach to assessing open source health. OSPOs should:
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* Decide which health aspects and attributes matter most based on their organization's needs.
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* Prioritize efforts β€” it's too time-consuming and expensive to measure everything.

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