Updated Confidentiality subsection

Author: Frosne

index.bs

@@ -78,8 +78,7 @@ It is important to note that cryptographic standards are continuously evolving t
 Cryptography provides several fundamental security services, including confidentiality, integrity, data authenticity, non-repudiation, and authentication. Often, a single cryptographic mechanism can provide more than one service—for example, digital signatures can ensure both authenticity and non-repudiation—but no single mechanism can cover all services. Conversely, achieving a particular security service may require combining multiple cryptographic mechanisms; for instance, ensuring confidentiality typically requires both an encryption algorithm and a key management system. In the following sections, we will examine each of these security services in more detail.
 
 ## Confidentiality ## {#confidentiality}
-Confidentiality ensures that information is protected from being disclosed to unauthorized parties. It is typically achieved through encryption, which transforms readable data into an unreadable data using a cryptographic key. Only authorized parties that know the correct key can decrypt and access the original information.
-The most used cryptographic algorithms for ensuring confidentialityare [symmetric encryption](#symmetric-encryption) algorithms, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard).
+Confidentiality in cryptography aims to ensure that information is kept secret from unauthorized parties—only the intended recipient(s) can access and understand the message, while anyone else—even if they intercept it—cannot make sense of it. This is typically achieved through encryption, which converts readable data (plaintext) into ciphertext that can only be decrypted by authorized parties with the correct cryptographic key; a widely used example is the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), standardized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST FIPS 197
 
 ## Integrity ## {#integrity}
 Integrity ensures that data remains unchanged and unaltered during transmission or storage. It is typically achieved through hashing algorithms. If the data is modified, the hash value will change, indicating that the integrity of the data has been compromised. Integrity is essential for ensuring that information remains accurate, preventing unauthorized modifications. The most used cryptographic algorithms for ensuring integrity are [hash functions](#hash-functions), such as SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit).