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techniques/failures/F32.html

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spacing within a word</h1><section class="meta"><p class="id">ID: F32</p><p class="technology">Technology: failures</p><p class="type">Type: Failure</p></section><section id="applicability"><h2>When to Use</h2>
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<p>All technologies.</p>
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</section><section id="description"><h2>Description</h2>
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<p>The objective of this technique is to describe how using white space characters, such as space, tab, line break, or carriage return, to format individual words visually can be a failure to present meaningful sequences properly. When blank characters are inserted to control letter spacing within a word, they may change the interpretation of the word or cause it not to be programmatically recognized as a single word.
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<p>The objective of this technique is to describe how using white space characters, such as space, tab, line break, or carriage return, to format individual words visually can be a failure to present meaningful sequences properly. When blank characters are inserted to control letter spacing within a word, they may change the interpretation of the word or cause it not to be programmatically recognized as a single word.
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</p>
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<p>Inserting white space characters into an initialism is not an example of this
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failure, since the white space does not change the interpretation of the
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</section><section id="examples"><h2>Examples</h2>
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<section class="example">
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<h3>Failure due to adding white space in the middle of a word</h3>
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<p>This example has white spaces within a word to space out the letters
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in a heading. Screen readers may read each letter individually
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instead of the word "Welcome."</p>
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<pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-html">&lt;h1&gt;W e l c o m e&lt;/h1&gt;</code>
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</pre>
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<p>&amp;nbsp; can also be used to add white space, producing similar failures:</p>
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<pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-html">&lt;h1&gt;H&amp;nbsp;E&amp;nbsp;L&amp;nbsp;L&amp;nbsp;O&lt;/h1&gt;</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section class="example">
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<h3>White space in the middle of a word changing its meaning</h3>
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<p>In Japanese, Han characters (Kanji) may have multiple readings that
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<p>In Japanese, Han characters (kanji) may have multiple readings that
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mean very different things. In this example, the word is read
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incorrectly because screen readers may not recognize these
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characters as a word because of the white space between the
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characters. The characters mean "Tokyo," but screen readers say
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"Higashi Kyo".</p>
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<pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-html">&lt;h1&gt;東 京&lt;/h1&gt;</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section class="example">
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<h3>Using line break characters to format vertical text</h3>
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<p>In the row header cell of a data table containing Japanese text,
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authors often create vertical text by using line break characters.
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However screen readers are not able to read the words in vertical
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text correctly because the line breaks occur within the word. In the
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following example, "東京都"(Tokyo-to) will be read "Higashi Kyo
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Miyako".</p>
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<pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-html">&lt;table&gt;
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&lt;caption&gt;表1. 都道府県別一覧表&lt;/caption&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;
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</section>
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</section><section id="related"><h2>Related Techniques</h2><ul>
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<li><a href="../css/C8">C8</a></li>
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</ul></section><section id="resources"><h2>Resources</h2></section></body></html>
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</ul></section><section id="resources"><h2>Resources</h2></section></body></html>

techniques/failures/F74.html

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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 and 1.2.8 due to not labeling a synchronized media alternative to text as an alternative</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></head><body><h1>Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 and 1.2.8 due to not labeling a synchronized media alternative to text as an alternative</h1><section class="meta"><p class="id">ID: F74</p><p class="technology">Technology: failures</p><p class="type">Type: Failure</p></section><section id="applicability"><h2>When to Use</h2>
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 and 1.2.8 due to not labeling a synchronized media alternative to text as an alternative</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></head><body><h1>Failure of Success Criterion 1.2.2 and 1.2.8 due to not labeling a synchronized media alternative to text as an alternative</h1><section class="meta"><p class="id">ID: F74</p><p class="technology">Technology: failures</p><p class="type">Type: Failure</p></section><section id="applicability"><h2>When to Use</h2>
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<p>Pages that provide synchronized media alternatives to text.</p>
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</section><section id="description"><h2>Description</h2>
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<p>The objective of this failure is to avoid situations in which synchronized media alternatives are not labeled with the text for which they are alternatives. Synchronized media alternatives provide enhanced access to users for whom synchronized media is a more effective format than text. Since they are alternatives to text, they do not need themselves to have redundant text alternatives. However, they need to be clearly labeled with the text for which they substitute, so users can find them and so users who normally expect text alternatives to synchronized media know not to look for them.</p>

techniques/general/G120.html

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<section id="examples">
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<h2>Examples</h2>
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<section class="example">
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<p>In the following example of Japanese text, the information giving the pronunciation in Han characters (Kanji) is rendered in parentheses immediately following the text.</p>
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<p>In the following example of Japanese text, the information giving the pronunciation in Han characters (kanji) is rendered in parentheses immediately following the text.</p>
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<pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-html">&lt;p&gt;慶應大学 (けいおうだいがく)&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
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</section>
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</section>
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<h2>Resources</h2>
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</section>
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</body>
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</html>
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</html>

techniques/general/G145.html

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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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and background behind the text</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></head><body><h1>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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and background behind the text</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></head><body><h1>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 3:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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and background behind the text</h1><section class="meta"><p class="id">ID: G145</p><p class="technology">Technology: general</p><p class="type">Type: Technique</p></section><section id="applicability"><h2>When to Use</h2>
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<p>Any technology that produces visual output.</p>
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</section><section id="description"><h2>Description</h2>

techniques/general/G18.html

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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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and background behind the text</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></head><body><h1>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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and background behind the text</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/sources.css" class="remove"></head><body><h1>Ensuring that a contrast ratio of at least 4.5:1 exists between text (and images of text)
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and background behind the text</h1><section class="meta"><p class="id">ID: G18</p><p class="technology">Technology: general</p><p class="type">Type: Technique</p></section><section id="applicability"><h2>When to Use</h2>
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<p>Any technology that produces visual output.</p>
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</section><section id="description"><h2>Description</h2>

techniques/general/G212.html

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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../css/editors.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Using native controls to ensure functionality is triggered on the up-event.</h1>
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<h1>Using native controls to ensure functionality is triggered on the up-event.</h1>
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<section id="meta">
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<h2>Metadata</h2>
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<p id="sc">2.5.2 Pointer Cancellation<!-- SC to which this applies --></p>

techniques/html/H62.html

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<section id="examples">
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<h2>Examples</h2>
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<section class="example">
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<h3>Ruby markup providing pronunciation information for an initialism</h3>
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<p>This example uses Ruby annotation to give the pronunciation of the initialism (acronym) formed by the first letters of the words Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. The letters WCAG are the base (the rb element), and the pronunciation information is shown by the Ruby text (the <code>rt</code> element). The Ruby parenthesis element <code>rp</code> is used for user agents that do not support Ruby annotations to indicate that the text in the <code>rt</code> element provides the pronunciation information. The pronunciation information is rendered in parentheses immediately following the base text. (User agents that support Ruby do not show the parentheses.) </p>
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<h3>Ruby markup providing pronunciation information for an initialism</h3>
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<p>This example uses Ruby annotation to give the pronunciation of the initialism (acronym) formed by the first letters of the words Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. The letters WCAG are the base (the <code>rb</code> element), and the pronunciation information is shown by the Ruby text (the <code>rt</code> element). The Ruby parenthesis element <code>rp</code> is used for user agents that do not support Ruby annotations to indicate that the text in the <code>rt</code> element provides the pronunciation information. The pronunciation information is rendered in parentheses immediately following the base text. (User agents that support Ruby do not show the parentheses.) </p>
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<pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-html">&lt;p&gt;When we talk about these guidelines, we often just call them
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&lt;ruby&gt;
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&lt;rb&gt;WCAG&lt;/rb&gt;
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</section>
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<section class="example">
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<h3>Ruby annotation for Japanese</h3>
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<p>The following is an example in Japanese. For Japanese, the Ruby is used to give the reading of Han characters (Kanji). the Ruby parenthesis element <code>rp</code> is used for user agents that do not support Ruby annotations to indicate that the text in the <code>rt</code> element provides the pronunciation information. The pronunciation information is rendered in parentheses immediately following the base text. (User agents that support Ruby do not show the parentheses.)</p>
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<p>The following is an example in Japanese. For Japanese, the Ruby is used to give the reading of Han characters (kanji). the Ruby parenthesis element <code>rp</code> is used for user agents that do not support Ruby annotations to indicate that the text in the <code>rt</code> element provides the pronunciation information. The pronunciation information is rendered in parentheses immediately following the base text. (User agents that support Ruby do not show the parentheses.)</p>
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<pre lang="ja"><code class="language-html">&lt;p&gt;
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&lt;ruby&gt;
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</ul>
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</section>
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</body>
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</html>
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</html>

understanding/20/error-identification.html

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has occurred and can determine what is wrong. In the case of an unsuccessful form submission,
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it is not sufficient to only re-display the form without providing any hint that the submission
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failed.
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The error must be indicated in <a>text</a>.
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Whether or not an error message provides users with sufficient information about the nature of
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the error, and what they should do to correct it, is covered more specifically by
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<a href="error-suggestion">3.3.3 Error Suggestion</a>.
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The error must be indicated in <a>text</a>.</p>
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<p>This SC requires that users be provided with information about the nature of the error, including the identity of the item in error. What the user should do to correct the item in error is covered by
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<a href="error-suggestion">3.3.3 Error Suggestion</a>. Often, the error description can be phrased so that it meets both SC 3.3.1 and SC 3.3.3 at the same time. For instance, "Email is not valid" would pass SC 3.3.1, but "Please provide a valid email address in the format [email protected]" also conveys how it can be fixed and passes both.
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</p>
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<p>An "input error" is information provided by the user that is not accepted. This includes:</p>
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<p>An "input error" includes:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>information that is required by the web page but omitted by the user, or</li>
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<p>See also <a href="error-suggestion">3.3.3: Error Suggestion</a>.</p>
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<h3>User agent native HTML form validation</h3>
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<p>When using native HTML <a href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#client-side-form-validation">client-side form validation</a>,
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user agents will automatically prevent the submission of incomplete or invalid forms, and display generic error messages to the user.
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The user agent will generally set focus back to the first form field that is in error, and as a result scroll the page
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so that the field in error and the generated error message will be visible in the viewport.</p>
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<p>In most common user agent and screen reader combinations, the screen reader will announce the error message
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and the programmatic name of the focused field.
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While this meets the requirements of this success criterion, it should be noted that there are several disadvantages related to this approach:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Depending on the user agent, the message may not be permanent, or fail to scroll with the page.</li>
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<li>Depending on the user agent, even if a user has zoomed-in (magnified) the content, the error messages will not appear magnified,
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as the text in the validation message will be displayed at the same size as the user agent interface; the message may be too small for users to read.</li>
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<li>The default HTML validation error messages are generally quite generic, and they may not provide sufficiently helpful or specific suggestions to the user
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that would conform to <a href="error-suggestion">3.3.3 Error Suggestion</a>.
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</li>
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<li>If several errors are present, only the first error message is exposed; once the user has provided an input that conforms to the type of field,
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and resubmits the form, the next error (if present) will be exposed. This means that repeated resubmissions and corrections may be required.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>As these problems relate to user agent behavior, developers will need to carefully consider if native browser validation is <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/#dfn-accessibility-supported">accessibility supported</a>.</p>
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<section id="benefits">
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<h2>Benefits of Error Identification</h2>

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