DEBUG-3573 Implement debug flag for telemetry

[p-datadog]

What does this PR do?

Implements the debug flag for telemetry as described in troubleshooting documentation

Motivation:
Trying to get telemetry work for dynamic instrumentation

Change log entry
None

Additional Notes:

How to test the change?
Integration test is added.
I also followed the debugging instructions and verified the telemetry is being received by the backend and is claimed to have valid payloads.

[github-actions]

Thank you for updating Change log entry section 👏

^{Visited at: 2025-05-14 14:43:45 UTC}

[datadog-datadog-prod-us1]

Datadog Report

Branch report: telemetry-debug
Commit report: f4ce99c
Test service: dd-trace-rb

✅ 0 Failed, 21245 Passed, 1373 Skipped, 3m 45.32s Total Time

[pr-commenter]

Benchmarks

Benchmark execution time: 2025-05-15 13:32:31

Comparing candidate commit f4ce99c in PR branch telemetry-debug with baseline commit 1764000 in branch master.

Found 0 performance improvements and 0 performance regressions! Performance is the same for 31 metrics, 2 unstable metrics.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 97.77%. Comparing base (1764000) to head (f4ce99c).
Report is 4 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #4648   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   97.77%   97.77%           
=======================================
  Files        1419     1421    +2     
  Lines       86623    86696   +73     
  Branches     4397     4404    +7     
=======================================
+ Hits        84693    84767   +74     
+ Misses       1930     1929    -1     

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[Strech]

👍🏼

The only comment I have, let's make debug as the last option, because it's less important as all other

[p-datadog]

Moved to the end.