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Apache Struts Remote Java Code Execution

Critical severity GitHub Reviewed Published May 4, 2022 to the GitHub Advisory Database • Updated Oct 22, 2025

Package

maven org.apache.struts.xwork:xwork-core (Maven)

Affected versions

< 2.2.3.1

Patched versions

2.2.3.1
maven org.apache.struts:struts2-core (Maven)
< 2.2.3.1
2.2.3.1

Description

The ExceptionDelegator component in Apache Struts before 2.2.3.1 interprets parameter values as OGNL expressions during certain exception handling for mismatched data types of properties, which allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Java code via a crafted parameter.

References

Published by the National Vulnerability Database Jan 8, 2012
Published to the GitHub Advisory Database May 4, 2022
Reviewed Aug 29, 2023
Last updated Oct 22, 2025

Severity

Critical

EPSS score

Exploit Prediction Scoring System (EPSS)

This score estimates the probability of this vulnerability being exploited within the next 30 days. Data provided by FIRST.
(100th percentile)

Weaknesses

Improper Input Validation

The product receives input or data, but it does not validate or incorrectly validates that the input has the properties that are required to process the data safely and correctly. Learn more on MITRE.

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment. Learn more on MITRE.

CVE ID

CVE-2012-0391

GHSA ID

GHSA-4wrr-9h5r-m92w

Source code

Credits

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